FILE: <bc-56.htm> Pooled References GENERAL INDEX [Navigate to MAIN MENU ]

PREDATOR BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

(Contacts)

With the exception of the coccinellid beetle, Rodolia cardinalis, for cottony-cushion scale Hister chinensis for houseflies, and perhaps predatory mites, insect predators have not been successfully deployed in classical biological control. Predators usually require more than one host individual to complete their development, which distinguishes them from parasitoids, with which most classical cases of biological control have been accomplished. Native predators, nevertheless, are generally regarded with great importance for maintaining host abundance at lower levels than would be the case without their presence. Research has, therefore, frequently focused attention on predator biology and ecology for a number of agroecosystems, especially orchards, field crops and medical/veterinary entomology. Some of the more significant work setting the pattern for contemporary studies on predation is found in the accompanying references. However, an expanded treatment of predation in aquatic ecosystems may be found in the section on Medical/Veterinary Entomology, <bc-37.htm>, and of predatory mites in the sections on Biological Control by Acarina, <bc-40.htm>, and in Glasshouses , <bc-35.htm>. [Please also see <bc-71.htm> ]

[Please refer also to Selected Reviews , Staphylinidae & Detailed Research #1, #2, #3, #4 ] ]

REFERENCES: (CLICK on highlighted references for details) [Additional references may be found at MELVYL Library ]

Anonymous. 1981. Data sheet on Nothobranchius spp., N. guentheri and N. rachovi [as a predator of mosquito larvae] distribution, life cycle, biology, growth, reproduction, aging and behaviour. World Health Organization, WHO/VBC/81.829; VBC/BCDS/81.16, Geneva.

Abbott, C. E. 1937. The necrophilous habit in Coleoptera. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 32: 202-04.

Abbott, C. E. 1938. The development and general biology of Creophilus villosus Grav. J. New York Ent. Soc. 46: 49-52.

Adashkevitch, B. P. & N. A. Popov. 1972. The predators of the luguminous aphis (Acyrtosiphon posum Harr.) in Moldavia. Defense Veg. Plants. Kishinev 12: 36-46.

Aldrich, J. M. 1922. A new genus of two-winged flies with mandible-like labella. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 24: 145-50.

Ali, A. & M. S. Mulla. 1983. Evaluation of the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala, as a predator of chironomid midges and mosquitoes in experimental ponds. Mosquito News 43: 46-49.

Alio, A. Y., A. Isaq & L. F. Delfini. 1985. Field trial on the impact of Oreochromis spilurus spilurus on malaria transmission in northern Somalia. WHO/VBC/85.910. 18 p.

Anderson, J. F. 1974. Responses to starvation in the spiders Lycosa lenta Hentz and Filistata hibernalis (Hentz). Ecology 55: 576-85.

Anderson, N. H. 1962a. Bionomics of six species of Anthocoris (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) in England. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 114: 67-95.

Anderson, N. H. 1962b. Anthocoridae of the Pacific Northwest with notes on distributions, life histories and habits (Heteroptera). Canad. Ent. 94: 1325-34.

Arzet, R. H. 1973. Suchverhalten der Larven von Chrysopa carnea Steph. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Z. angew. Ent. 74: 64-79.

Asquith, D. & R. Colburn. 1971. Integrated pest management in Pennsylvania apple orchards. Bull. Ent. Soc. Amer. 17: 89-91.

Axtell, R. C. 1969. Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) as biological control agents for synanthropic flies. Proc. 2nd Internat. Cong. Acarol. 1967: 401-16.

Azam, K. M. & N. H. Anderson. 1969. Life history and habits of Sialis rotunda and S. californica in western Oregon. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 62: 549-58.

Badgley, M. E. & C. A. Fleschner. 1956. Biology of Oligota oviformis Casey (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 49: 501-02.

Badgley, M. E., C. A. Fleschner & J. C. Hall. 1955. The biology of Spiloconis picticornis Banks (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) introduced into California from Hong Kong. Psyche 62: 75-81.

Balduf, W. V. 1935. The Bionomics of Entomophagous Coleoptera. John S. Swift, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri. 220 p.

Balduf, W. V. 1939. The Bionomics of Entomophagous Insects, Part II. John S. Swift, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri. 384 p.

Baldwin, W. F., H. G. James & H. E. Welch. 1955. A study of predators of mosquito larvae and pupae with a radio-active tracer. Canad. Ent. 87: 350.

Banks, C. J. 1955. An ecological study of Coccinellidae associated with Aphis fabae Scop. on Vicia faba. Bull. Ent. Res. 45: 561-87.

Banks, C. J. 1957. The behaviour of individual coccinellid larvae on plants. Brit. J. Anim. Behav. 5: 12-24.

Bänsch, R. 1964. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Biologie und zum Beutefangverhalten aphidivorer Coccinelliden, Chrysopiden und Syrphiden. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 91: 271-340.

Bänsch, R. 1966. On prey-seeking behaviour of aphidophagous insects, p. 123-28. In: I. Hodek (ed.), Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects. W. Junk, The Hague. 227 p.

Bartlett, B. R. & D. C. Lloyd. 1958. Mealybugs attacking citrus in California-- a survey of their natural enemies and the release of new parasites and predators. J. Econ. Ent. 51: 90-3.

Bay, E. C. 1966. Adaptation studies with the Argentine pearl fish, Cynolebias bellottii, for its introduction into California. Amer. Soc. Ichthy. & Herp. 4: 839-46.

Bay, E. C. 1967a. Mosquito control by fish: a present day appraisal. WHO Chronicle 21(10): 415-23.

Bay, E. C. 1969. Fish predators. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 37: 15-16.

Bay, E. C. 1972. Mosquito fish a controversial friend to mosquito control. Pest Control 40: 32-33.

Bay, E. C. 1974. Predator-prey relationships among aquatic insects. Ann. Rev. Ent. 19: 441-53.

Bay, E. C. 1976. Part I: Parasites and predators introduced against arthropod pests. Diptera, p. 339-46. In: C. P. Clausen (ed.), Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. U. S. Dept. Agric. Handb. 480.

Bay, E. C. & L. D. Anderson. 1965. Studies with the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis as a chironomid control. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 59: 150-53.

1963a Bay, E. C. & E. F. Legner. 1963. Quality control in the production of Hippelates collusor (Tsnd.) for use in the search and rearing of

their natural enemies. Proc. New Jersey Mosquito Exterm. Comm. 1963. 403-410.

1963b Bay, E. C. & E. F. Legner. 1963. The prospect for the biological control of Hippelates collusor (Townsend) in southern California.

Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., Inc. 31: 76-79.

Bay, E. C. & L. S. Self. 1972. Observations of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, in Culex pipiens fatigans breeding sites in Bangkok, Rangoon and Taipei. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 46: 407-16.

1964 Bay, E. C., E. F. Legner & R. Medved. 1964. Hippelates collusor (Diptera: Chloropidae) as a host for four species of parasitic Hymenoptera in southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 57(5): 582-584.

1976 Bay, E. C., C. O. Berg, H. C. Chapman & E. F. Legner. 1976. Biological control of medical and veterinary pests. In: "Theory and

Practice of Biological Control," p. 457-79. C. B. Huffaker (ed.). Academic Press, Inc., New York, London. 788 pp.

Beard, R. L. 1964. Parasites of muscoid flies. Bull. World Health Org. 31: 491-93.

Beard, R. L. & G. S. Walton. 1965. An Aspergillus toxin lethal to the larvae of the house fly. J. Invert. Pathol. 7: 522-23.

Beck, A. F. & E. C. Turner, Jr. 1985. A comparison of five house-fly (Diptera: Muscidae) population monitoring techniques. J. Med. Ent. 22: 346-48.

Beesley, C. 1974. Simulated predation of single-prey (Culex peus) and alternative prey (Culex peus; Chironomus sp. 51) by Anax junius Drury (Odonata: Aeschnidae). Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 42: 73-76.

Bell, W. J. 1990. Searching behavior patterns in insects. Ann. Rev. Ent. 35: 447-67.

Bellows, T. S., Jr. & T. W. Fisher, (eds) 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Bence, J. R. 1982. Some interactions of predacious insects and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis): a review of some recent results. Bull. Soc. Vect. Ecol. 7: 41-4.

Bennett, F. D. & I. W. Hughes. 1959. Biological control of insect pests in Bermuda. Bull. Ent. Res. 50: 423-36.

1967 Bennett, F. D. & E. F. Legner. 1967. Memorandum on the possibilities of biological control of the muscid flies by hymenopterous

parasites. Wld. Hlth. Org. VBC/67.22. 12 pp.

Bequaert, J. 1922. The predaceous enemies of ants. Bull. Amer. Mus. Natur. Hist 45: 27-31.

Berg, C. O. 1961. Biology of snail-killing Sciomyzidae (Diptera) of North America and Europe. Verh. XI Int. Kongr. Ent, Wien, 1960 1: 197-202.

Blackman, R. L. 1965. Studies on specificity in Coccinellidae. Ann. Appl. Biol. 56: 336-38.

Blumberg, D. & E. Swirski. 1974. The development and reproduction of Cybocephalid beetles on various foods. Entomophaga 19: 437-43.

Blaustein, L. 1986. Green sunfish: friend or foe of rice field mosquitoes? Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Contr. Assoc. 54: 90.

Blume, R. R., S. E. Kunz, B. F. Hogan & J. J. Matter. 1970. Biological and ecological investigations of horn flies in central Texas: influence of other insects in cattle manure. J. Econ. Ent. 63: 1121-23.

Bombosch, S. 1962. Untersuchungen über die Auslösung der Eiablage bei Syrphus corollae Fabr. (Diptera: Syrphidae). Z. angew. Ent. 50: 81-8.

Bombosch, S. 1963. Untersuchungen zur Vermehrung von Aphis fabae Scop. in Samenrübenbestanden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Schwebfliegen (Diptera: Syrphidae). Z. angew. Ent. 52: 105-41.

Bombosch, S. 1965. Untersuchungen on Aphis fabae Scop. und ihren natürlichen Feinden als Grundlage für ein integriertes Bekämpfungsprogramm. Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land. Forstwirt. Berlin Dahlem 115: 13-21.

Bombosch, S. & S. Volk. 1966. Selection of oviposition site by Syrphus corollae F., p. 117-19. In: I. Hodek (ed.), Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects. W. Junk, The Hague. 227 p.

Bonnet, D. D. & A. M. K. Hu. 1951. The introduction of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Theobald) into the Territory of Hawaii. Proc. Hawaii Ent. Soc. 14: 237-42.

Borden, J. H. 1974. Aggregation pheromones in the Scolytidae, p. 133-60. In: M. C. Birch (ed.), Pheromones. North-Holland Co., Amsterdam; Amer. Elsevier, New York.

Borland, S. M. 1971. Biology and life history of Laccophilus terminalis Sharp (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), an aquatic predator of mosquito larvae. M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Calif., Riverside. 24 p.

Bornemissza, G. F. 1957a. An analysis of arthropod succession in carrion and the effect of its decomposition on the soil fauna. Austral. Zool. 5: 1-12.

Bornemissza, G. F. 1957b. Observations on the hunting and mating behavior of two species of scorpion flies (Bittacidae: Mecoptera). Aust. J. Zool. 14: 371-82.

Bornemissza, G. F. 1968. Studies on the histerid beetle Pachylister chinensis in Fiji, and its possible value in the control of buffalo-fly in Australia. Austral. J. Zool. 16: 673-88.

Bourne, J. R. & R. J. Nielsson. 1967. Nemobius fasciatus-- a predator on horn fly pupae. J. Econ. Ent. 60: 272-74.

Boving, A. 1917. A generic synopsis of coccinellid larvae in the United States National Museum, with a description of the larva of Hyperaspis binotata Say. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 51: 621-50.

Bradley, G. A. 1973. Effect of Formica obscuripes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the predator-prey relationship between Hyperaspis congressis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Toumeyella numismaticum (Homoptera: Coccidae). Canad. Ent. 105: 1113-18.

Bromley, S. W. 1945. Insect enemies of the house fly, Musca domestica L. J. New York. Ent. Soc. 53: 145-52.

Brooke, M. M. & H. O. Proske. 1946. Precipitin test for determining natural insect predators of immature mosquitoes. J. Nat. Malariol. Soc. 5: 45-56.

Brown, H. D. 1972. Predaceous behaviour of four species of coccinellidae (Coleoptera) associated with the wheat aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), in South Africa. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 124: 21-36.

Brues, C. T. 1946. Dragonflies as predatory enemies of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans). Psyche 53: 50-1.

Brues, C. T. 1946. Insect Dietary. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, Mass. 466 p.

Camors, F. B., Jr. & T. L. Payne. 1973. Sequence of arrival of entomophagous insects to trees infested with the southern pine beetle. Environ. Ent. 2: 267-70.

Canard, M. 1970. Incidence de la valeur alimentaire de divers pucerons (Homoptera: Aphididae) sur le potential de multiplication de Chrysopa perla (L.) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Ann. Zool. Ecol. Anim. 2: 345-55.

Carayon, J. 1961. Quelques remarques sur les Hemipteres-Heteropteres: Leur importance comme insectes auxiliaires et les possibilites de leur utilisation dans la lutte Biologique. Entomophaga 6: 133-41.

Case, T. J. & R. K. Washino. 1979. Flatworm control of mosquito larvae in rice fields. Science 206: 1412-14.

Cech, J. J., Jr. & A. L. Linden. 1987. Comparative larvivorous performances of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, and juvenile Sacramento blackfish, Orthodon microlepidotus, in experimental paddies. J. Amer. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 3: 35-41.

Ceianu, I., G. H. Mihalache & I. Balinschi. 1965. Combatera biologica a daunatorilor Forestieri. Editura Agro-Silvica, Bucuresti. 255 p.

Chandler, A. E. F. 1968. Some factors influencing the occurrence and site of oviposition by aphidophagous Syrphydae (Diptera). Ann. Appl. Biol. 61: 435-46.

Chant, D. A. 1959. Phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Part I. Bionomics of seven species in southwestern England. Part II. A taxonomic review of the family Phytoseiidae, with descriptions of thirty-eight new species. Canad. Ent. 91 (Suppl. 12): 166 p.

Chapman, H. C., J. J. Peterson & T. Fukuda. 1972. Predators and pathogens for mosquito control. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 21(5): 777-81.

Chiang, H. C. 1974. Predation in retrospect and in prospect. Entomophaga 7: 83-8.

Chidester, F. E. 1917. Dytiscus as a destroyer of mosquito larvae. Ent. News 28: 454.

Chodorowski, A. 1968. Predator-prey relation between Mochlonyx culiformis and Aedes communis. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 15: 279-88.

Chu, Y-I. 1969. On the bionomics of Lyctocoris beneficus (Hiura) and Xylocoris galactinus (Fieber) (Anthocoridae, Heteroptera). J. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ. 15: 1-136.

Clark, C. U. 1895. On the food habits of certain dung and carrion beetles. J. New York Ent. Soc. 3: 61.

Clausen, C. P. 1940. Entomophagous Insects. McGraw-Hill, New York. 638 p.

Cochereau, P. 1969. Controle biologique d'Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Homoptera: Diaspinae) dans l'ite Vaté (Nouvelles Hébrides) au moyen de Rhizobus pulchellus Montrouzier (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biol. Cah. ORSTOM 8: 57-100.

Cole, F. R. & E. I. Schlinger. 1969. The Flies of Western North America. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. 693 p.

Collins, F. H. & R. K. Washino. 1978. Microturbellarians as natural predators of mosquito larvae in northern California rice fields. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Contr. Assoc. 46: 91.

Collins, F. H. & R. K. Washino. 1979. Factors affecting the density of Culex tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni in northern California rice fields. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 47: 97-98.

Collins, I. P. 1965. Predation by a mite, Macrocheles muscaedomesticae on a fly Aldrichina grahami, as related to the fly problem in poultry houses. M. S. Thesis, Univ. of California, Davis.

Collyer, E. 1953. Biology of some predatory insects and mites associated with the fruit tree red spider mite [Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch)] in south-eastern England. III. Further predators of the mite. J. Hort. Sci. 35: 98-113.

Collyer, E. & A. M. Massee. 1958. Some predators of phytophagous mites, and their occurrence, in southeastern England. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Ent. 4: 623-31.

Cook, W. L. & F. A. Streams. 1984. Fish predation on Notonecta (Hemiptera): relationship between prey risk and habitat utilization. Oecologia 64: 177-83.

Coppel, H. C. & P. A. Jones. 1962. Bionomics of Podisus spp. associated with the introduced pine sawfly, Diprion similis (Htg.), in Wisconsin. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 51: 31-56.

Corbet, P. S. 1962. A Biology of Dragonflies. Quadrangle Books, Chicago, Illinois. 247 p.

Corbet, P. S. 1963. Observations on Toxorhychites brevipalpis Conradti Grunb. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Uganda. Bull. Ent. Res. 54: 9-17.

Corbet, P. S. & A. Griffiths. 1963. Observations on the aquatic stages of two species of Toxorhynchites (Diptera: Culicidae) in Uganda. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Ser. a-38: 125-35.

Coykendall, R. L. (ed.) 1980. Fishes in California mosquito control, Sacramento, United States of America. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. Press. 90 pp.

Cullen, M. J. 1969. The biology of giant water bugs (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) in Trinidad. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 44: 123-36.

Dahlsten, D. L., R. Garcia, J. E. Prine & R. Hunt. 1969. Insect problems in forest recreation areas. Calif. Agr. 23: 4-6.

Danielson, T. L. 1968. Differential predation on Culex pipiens and Anopheles albimanus mosquito larvae by two species of fish (Gambusia affinis and Cyprinodon nevadensis) and the effects of simulated reeds on predation. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of California, Riverside. 115 p.

Davey, R. B. & M. V. Meisch. 1977a. Dispersal of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, in Arkansas rice fields. Mosq. News 37: 777-78.

Davey, R. B. & M. V. Meisch. 1977b. Control of dark rice-field mosquito larvae, Psorophora columbiae by mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis and green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus, in Arkansas rice fields. Mosq. News. 37: 258-62.

Davidson, W. M. 1924. Observations and experiments on the dispersion of the convergent lady beetle [Hippodamia convergens (Guerin)] in California. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 50: 163-75.

Davis, C. J. & M. Chong. 1968. Recent introductions for biological control in Hawaii-- XIII. Proc. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. 20: 25-34.

Davis, J. J. 1919. Contributions to a knowledge of the natural enemies of Phyllophaga. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 13: 53-138.

DeBach, P. 1951. The necessity for an ecological approach to pest control on citrus in California. J. Econ. Ent. 44: 443-47.

DeLoach, C. J. 1971. The effect of habitat diversity on predation. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. Ecol. Anim. Contr. Habitat Managem. 2: 223-41.

Demian, E. S. & E. G. Kamel. 1973. Biological control of Bulinus truncatus under semifield conditions using the snail Marisa cornuarietis. 9th Intern. Congr. on Trop. Med. & Malaria, Athens, Vol. 2: 77-8.

Demian, E. S. & R. G. Lufty. 1966. Factors affecting the predation of Marisa cornuarietis on Bulinus (B.) truncatus, Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnaea caillaudi. Oikos 17: 212-30.

Dempster, J. P. 1968. Intra-specific competition and dispersal: as exemplified by a psyllid and its anthocorid predator, p. 8-17. In: T. R. E. Southwood (ed.), Insect Abundance. Blackwell, Oxford.

Dickson, R. C. & E. F. Laird, Jr. 1962. Green peach aphid populations in desert sugar beets. J. Econ. Ent. 55: 501-04.

Dixon, A. F. G. 1958. The escape responses shown by certain aphids to the presence of the coccinellid Adalia decempunctata (L.). Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 110: 319-34.

Dixon, A. F. G. 1959. An experimental study of searching behaviour of the predatory coccinellid beetle Adalia decempunctata (L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 28: 259-81.

Dixon, A. F. G. 1970. Factors limiting the effectiveness of the coccinellid beetle, Adalia bipunctata (L.) as a predator of the sycamore aphid, Drepanosiphum platanoides (Schr.). J. Anim. Ecol. 39: 739-51.

Dixon, A. F. G. & R. J. Russel. 1972. The effectiveness of Anthocoris nemorum and A. confusus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) as predators of sycamore aphid, Drepanosiphum platanoides. II. Searching behaviour and the incidence of predation in the field. Ent. Exp. Appl. 15: 35-50.

Dondale, C. D. 1958. Note on population densities of spiders (Aranae) in Nova Scotia apple orchards. Canad. Ent. 90: 111-13.

Doutt, R. L. 1951. Biological control of mealybugs infesting commercial greenhouse gardenias. J. Econ. Ent. 44: 37-40.

Doutt, R. L. & K. S. Hagen. 1950. Biological control measures applied against Pseudococcus maritimus on pears. J. Econ. Ent. 43: 94-96.

Drea, J. J., Jr. 1956. A biological analysis of the California Chilocorinif (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Calif., Berkeley.

East, R. 1974. Predation of the soil-dwelling stages of the winter moth at Wytham Woods, Berkshire. J. Anim. Ecol. 43: 611-26.

Edwards, J. S. 1966. Observations on the life history and predatory behavior of Zelus exsanguis (Stal) (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 41: 21-4.

Ehler, L. E. & R. van den Bosch. 1974. An analysis of the natural biological control of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton in California. Canad. Ent. 106: 1067-73.

Ellis, R. A. & J. H. Borden. 1969. Laboratory rearing of Notonecta undulata Say (Hemiptera: Notonectidae). J. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia 66: 51-53.

Ellis, R. A. & J. H. Borden. 1970. Predation by Notonecta undulata (Heteroptera: Notonectidae) on larvae of the yellow fever mosquito. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 63: 963-73.

El Rayah, El Amin. 1975. Dragonfly nymphs as active predators of mosquito larvae. Mosq. News 35: 229-30.

Elson, J. A. 1937. A comparative study of Hemiptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 30: 579-97.

Escherich, K. 1942. Diptera. In: Die Forstinsekten Mitteleuropas, Vol. 5, p. 505-705. Paul Parey, Berlin.

Evans, H. E. & M. J. W. Eberhard. 1970. The Wasps. Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 265 p.

Evans, M. E. G. 1964. A comparative account of feeding methods of the beetles Nebria brevicollis (F.) (Carabidae) and Philonthus decorus (Grav.) (Staphylinidae). Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. 66: 9-109.

Eveleens, K. G., R. van den Bosch & L. E. Ehler. 1973. Secondary outbreak induction of beet armyworm by experimental insecticide applications in cotton in California. Environ. Ent. 2: 497-503.

Ewert, M. A. & H. C. Chiang. 1966. Dispersal of three species of coccinellids in corn fields. Canad. Ent. 98: 999-1003.

Farley, D. G. & J. R. Caton. 1982. A preliminary report on the use of mosquito fish to control mosquitoes in an urban storm drain system. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 50: 57-81.

Farley, D. G. & L. C. Younce. 1977. Effects of Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) on selected non-target organisms in Fresno county rice fields. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 45: 87-94.

Ferenz, H. J. & W. Holters. 1975. Corpus allatum hormone induced maturation in males of three carabid species of the genus Pterostichus (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Ent. Exp. Appl. 18: 238-43.

Fields, G. J. & B. P. Beirne. 1973. Ecology of anthocorid (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) predators of the pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. J. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia 70: 18-19.

Filipponi, A. 1964. The feasibility of mass producing macrochelid mites for field trials against houseflies. Bull. World Health Org. 3: 499-501.

Finnegan, R. J. 1974. Ants as predators of forest pests. Entomophaga Mem. H. S. 7: 53-9.

Fisher, T. W. 1963. Mass culture of Cryptolaemus and Leptomastix natural enemies of citrus mealybug. Univ. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 797. 38 p.

Flaherty, D. L. & M. A. Hoy. 1971. Biological control of pacific mites in San Joaquin Valley vineyards. III. Role of tydeid mites. Res. Population Ecol. 13: 80-96.

Fleschner, C. A. 1950. Studies on searching capacity of the larvae of three predators of the citrus red mite. Hilgardia 20: 233-65.

Fleschner, C. A., J. C. Hall & D. W. Ricker. 1955. Natural balance of mite pests in an avocado grove. Calif. Avocado Soc. Yearb. 39: 155-62.

Forbes, S. A. 1880. Notes on insectivorous Coleoptera. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull. 1: 167-76.

Forbes, S. A. 1883. The food relations of the Carabidae and Coccinellidae. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull. 6: 33-64.

Franz, J. 1958. Studies on Larricobius erichsonii Rosench (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) a predator of chermesids. Entomophaga 3: 109-96.

Fuller, M. E. 1934. The insect inhabitants of carrion: a study in animal ecology. Council Sci. Ind. Res. 82: 1-62.

Gagne, W. C. & J. L. Martin. 1968. The insect ecology of red pine plantations in central Ontario. Canad. Ent. 100: 835-46.

Garcia, R. 1973. Harvesting eggs from wild notonectid populations. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 41: 129-30.

Garcia, R. W., G. Voigt & B. S. Des Rochers. 1974. Studies of the predatory behavior of notonectids on mosquito larvae. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 42: 67-69.

Focks, D. A. & M. D. Boston. 1979. A quantified mass-rearing technique for Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus Coquillet. Mosq. News 39: 616-19.

Focks, D. A., S. R. Sacket, K. O. Klotter, D. A. Dame & G. T. Carmichael. 1986. The integrated use of Toxorhynchites amboinensis and ground level ULV insecticide application to suppress Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Ent.23: 531-19.

Focks, D. A., J. A. Seawright & D. W. Hall. 1979. Field survival, migration and ovipositional characteristics of laboratory-reared Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus (Diptera:Culicidae). J. Med. Ent. 16: 121-27.

Geckler, R. P. 1971. Laboratory studies of predation of snails by larvae of the marsh fly, Sepedon tenuicornis (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Canad. Ent. 103: 638-49.

Geden, C. J. 1984. Population dynamics, spatial distribution, dispersal behavior and life history of the predaceous histerid, Carcinops pumilio (Erichson), with observations of other members of the poultry manure arthropod community. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Mass., Amherst. 220 p.

Geden, C. J. & R. C. Axtell. 1988. Predation by Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae) and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae) on the housefly (Diptera: Muscidae): Functional response, effects of temperature and availability of alternative prey. Environ. Ent. 17: 739-44.

Geden, C. J., R. F. Stinner & R. C. Axtell. 1988. Predation by predators of the house fly in poultry manure: effects of predator density, feeding history, interspecific interference and field conditions. Environ. Ent. 17: 310-29.

Geden, C. J., J. G. Stoffolano, Jr. & J. S. Elkinton. 1987. Prey-mediated dispersal behavior of Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae). Environ. Ent. 16: 415-19.

Geetha-Bai, G. M. & T. Sankaran. 1977. Parasites, predators and other arthropods associated with Musca domestica and other flies breeding in bovine manure. Entomophaga 22: 163-67.

George, J. A., B. A. L. Nagy & J. W. Stewart. 1983. Efficacy of Dugesia tigrina (Tricladida: Turbellaria) in reducing Culex numbers in both field and laboratory. Mosq. News 43: 281-87.Grenier, P. 1943. Observations sur quelques stations de simulies. Parasites et predateurs des larves et nymphes. Bull. Soc. Pathol. 36: 105-10.

Gerberg, E. J. & W. M. Visser. 1978. Preliminary field trial for the biological control of Aedes aegypti by means of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis, a predatory mosquito larva. Mosq. News 38: 197-200.

Gilbert, N. & R. D. Hughes. 1971. A model of an aphid population-- three adventures. J. Anim. Ecol. 40: 525-34.

Gould, H. J. 1970. Preliminary studies of an integrated control programme for cucumber pests and an evaluation of methods of introducing Phytoseilus persimilis Athias-Henriot for the control of Tetranychus urticae Koch. Ann. Appl. Biol. 66: 503-13.

Grandi, G. 1961. Studi di un Entomologo Sugli Imenotteri Superiori. Edizioni Calderini Bologna.

Grasse, P. P. (ed.). 1951. Traite de Zoologie, Vol. 10. Libr. Acad. Med., Paris. 975 p.

Greathead, D. J. 1963. A review of insect enemies of Acridoidea. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 114: 437-523.

Griffiths, K. J. & C. S. Holling. 1969. A competition submodel for parasites and predators. Canad. Ent. 101: 685-796.

Guagliumi, P. 1966. Insetti e Aracnidiedelle plante comuni del Venezuela segnalati nel periodo 1938-1963. Relaz. Monogr. Agrar. Subtrop. Trop. No. 86. 391 p.

Gurney, B. & N. W. Hussey. 1970. Evaluation of some coccinellid species for the biological control of aphids in protected cropping. Ann. Appl. Biol. 65: 451-58.

Hagen, K. S. 1962. Biology and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae. Ann. Rev. Ent. 7: 289-326.

Hagen, K. S. 1974. The significance of predaceous Coccinellidae in biological and integrated control of insects. Entomophaga Mem. H.S. 7: 25-44.

Hagen, K. S. 1976. Role of nutrition in insect management. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. Ecol. Anim. Contr. Habitat Managem. 6: 221-61.

Hagen, K. S. & R. Hale. 1974. Increasing natural enemies through use of supplementary feeding and non-target prey, p. 170-81. In: F. G. Maxwell & R. A. Harris (eds.), Proceedings of the Summer Institute of Biological Control of Plant Insects and Diseases. Univ Press, Jackson, Mississippi.

Hagen, K. S. & R. L. Tassan. 1965. A method of providing artificial diets to Chrysopa larvae. J. Econ. Ent. 58: 999-1000.

Hagen, K. S. & R. L. Tassan. 1972. Exploring nutritional roles of extracellular symbiotes on the reproduction of honeydew feeding adult chrysopids and tephritids, p. 323-51. In: J. G. Rodriguez (ed.), Insect and Mite Nutrition, North Holland, Amsterdam.

Hagen, K. S. & R. van den Bosch. 1968. Impact of pathogens, parasites and predators on aphids. Ann. Rev. Ent. 13: 329-84.

Hagen, K. S., R. L. Tassan & E. F. Sawall, Jr. 1970. Some ecophysiological relationships between certain Chrysopa, honeydews and yeasts. Boll. Lab. Ent. Agr. Portici 28: 113-34.

Hagen, K. S., E. F. Sawall, Jr. & R. L. Tassan. 1971. The use of food sprays to increase effectiveness of entomophagous insects. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. Ecol. Anim. Contr. Habitat Managem. 2: 59-81.

Hagen, K. S., P. Greany, E. F. Sawal, Jr. & R. L. Tassan. 1976a. Tryptophan in artificial honeydews as a source of an attractant for adult Chrysopa carnea. Environ. Ent.

Hagen, K. S., S. Bombosch & J. A. McMurtry. 1976b. The biology and impact of predators, p. 93-130. In: C. B. Huffaker & P. S. Messenger (eds.), Theory and Practice of Biological Control. Academic Press, Inc., New York, San Francisco & London. 788 p.

Hämäläinen, M. & M. Markula. 1972. Effect of type of food on the fecundity in Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Ann. Ent. Fenn. 38: 195-99.

Harris, F. 1966. Dendrophilus xavieri (Marseul) Coleoptera: Histeridae collected from poultry houses in Clarke County, Georgia. J. Georgia Ent. Soc. 1: 12.

Harris, K. M. 1967. A systematic revision and biological review of the cecidomyiid predators (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on world Coccoidea (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 119: 401-94.

Hassell, M. P. 1966. Evaluation of parasite or predator responses. J. Anim. Ecol. 35: 65-75.

Hassell, M. P. & R. M. May. 1974. Aggregation of predators and insect parasites and its effect on stability. J. Anim. Ecol. 43: 567-87.

Hauser, W. J., E. F. Legner & F. E. Robinson. 1977. Biological control of aquatic weeds by fish in irrigation channels. Proc. Water Management for Irrigation and Drainage. ASC/Reno, Nevada, Jul. 20-22: pp 139-45.

Haynes, D. L. & P. Sisojevic. 1966. Predatory behavior of Philodromus rufus Walckenner (Araneae: Thomisidae). Canad. Ent. 98: 113-33.

Hazelrig, J. E. 1973. Investigations of the biology and predatory capacity of Notonecta unifasciata Guerin (Hemiptera: Notonectidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of California, Riverside.

Hazelrig, J. E. 1974. Notonecta unifasciata as predators of mosquito larvae in simulated field habitats. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 42: 60-65.

Hazelrig, J. E. 1975. Laboratory colonization and sexing of Notonecta unifasciata Guerin reared on Culex peus Speiser. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 43: 142-44.

Helgesen, R. G. & M. J. Tauber. 1974. Pirimicarb, an aphiade nontoxic to three entomophagous arthropods. Environ. Ent. 3: 99-101.

Hespenheide, H. A. 1973. Ecological inferences from morphological data. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4: 213-29.

Hertveldt, L., M. van Keymeulen & C. Pelerents. 1984. Large scale rearing of the entomophagous rove beetle Aleochara bilineata (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land- Forstwirtsch., Berlin-Dahlem 218: 70-5.

Hildebrand, S. F. 1921. Suggestions for a broader application of Gambusia for the purpose of mosquito control in the south. Publ. Hlth. Rep., Wash. 36: 1460-1.

Hildemann, W. H. & R. L. Wolford. 1963. Annual fishes--promising species as biological control agents. J. Trop. Med. 66: 163-66.

Hinman, E. H. 1934. Predators of the Culicidae (Mosquitoes). I. The predators of larvae and pupae exclusive of fish. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 37: 129-34.

Hinton, H. E. 1945. A Monograph of the Beetles Associated with Stored Products. British Museum, London. 443 p.

Hobby, B. M. 1934. Predaceous Diptera and their prey. J. Soc. British Ent. 1: 35-9.

Hodek, I. (ed.). 1966. Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects. Academic, Prague. 360 p.

Hodek, I. 1967. Bionomics and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae. Ann. Rev. Ent. 12: 79-104.

Hodek, I. 1970. Coccinellids and the modern pest management. Bioscience 20: 543-52.

Hodek, I. 1973. Biology of Coccinellidae. W. Junk, N. V. Publi., The Hague. 260 p.

Holling, C. S. 1961. Principles of insect predation. Ann. Rev. Ent. 6: 163-82.

Holling, C. S. 1965. The functional response of predators to prey density and its role in mimicry and population regulation. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canad. 45: 60 p.

Holling, C. S. 1966. The functional response of invertebrate predators. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canad. 48. 86 p.

Holling, C. S. 1968. The tactics of a predator, p. 47-58. In: T. R. E. Southwood (ed.), Insect Abundance. Blackwell, Oxford.

Horner, N. V. & K. J. Starks. 1972. Bionomics of the jumping spider Metaphidippus galathea. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 65: 602-07.

Hoy, J. B. & D. E. Ìeed. 1971. The efficacy of mosquitofish for control of Culex tarsalis in California rice fields. Mosq. News 31: 567-72.

Hoy, J. B., A. G. O'Berg & E. E. Kauffman. 1971. The mosquito fish as a biological control agent against Culex tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni. Mosq. News 31: 146-52.

Hoy, M. 1972. Diapause induction and duration in vineyard-collected Metaseiulus occidentalis. Environ. Ent. 4: 262-64.

Hoyt, S. C. 1969. Population studies of five mite species on apple in Washington. Proc. 2nd Intern. Congr. Acarol. Sutton-Bonnington, England, 1967, p. 117-133. Akad. Kiado, Budapest.

Hoyt, S. C. & L. E. Caltagirone. 1971. The developing programs of integrated control of pests of apples in Washington and peaches in California, p. 395-421. In: C. B. Huffaker (ed.), Biological Control. Plenum Press, New York.

Huffaker, C. B. 1958. Experimental studies on predation: dispersion factors and predator-prey oscillations. Hilgardia 27: 343-83.

Huffaker, C. B. 1970. The phenomenon of predation and its role in nature. Proc. Advan. Study Inst. Dyn. No. Popul. Oosterbeek. p. 327-43.

Huffaker, C. B. & C. E. Kennett. 1956. Experimental studies on predation: predation and cyclamen-mite populations on strawberries in California. Hilgardia 26: 191-222.

Huffaker, C. B., M. van de Vrie & J. A. McMurtry. 1970. Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: A review. II. Tetranychid populations and their possible control by predators: an evaluation. Hilgardia 40: 391-458.

Hughes, R. D. 1972. Population dynamics, p. 275-93. In: H. F. van Emden (ed.), Aphid Technology. Academic Press, New York.

Hughes, R. D. & N. Gilbert. 1968. A model of an aphid population-- a general statement. J. Anim. Ecol. 37: 553-63.

Hukusima, S. 1970. Responses of populations of phytophagous and predaceous arthropods on apple trees to some pesticides. Res. Bull. Fac. Agr. Gifu Univ. 29: 33-52.

Hurlbert, S. H. & M. S. Mulla. 1981. Impact of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) predation on plankton communities. Hydrobiologia 83: 125-51.

Hurlbert, S. H., J. Zedler & D. Fairbanks. 1972. Ecosystem alteration by mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) predation. Science 175: 639-41.

Hussey, N. W. & L. Bravenboer. 1971. Control of pests in glasshouse culture by the introduction of natural enemies, p. 195-216. In: C. B. Huffaker (ed.), Biological Control. Plenum Press, New York.

Hussey, N. W., W. H. Read & J. J. Hesling. 1969. The Pests of Protected Cultivation. Edward Arnold Publ. 404 p.

Ickert, G. 1968. Beitrage zur Biologie einheimischer Chrysopiden. Ent. Abh. 36: 123-92.

Ikeshoji, T. 1965. Predation of Armigeres larvae on Culex pipiens fatigans larvae. WHO/VBC 134.65, FRU/ Rept. No. 10. 6 p.

Illingworth, J. F. 1923a. Insect fauna of hen manure. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc. 5: 270-73.

Illingworth, J. F. 1923b. Insects attracted to carrion in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc. 5: 280-81.

Illingworth, J. F. 1927. Insects attracted to carrion in southern California. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc. 6: 397-401.

Iperti, G. 1966. Comportement naturel des coccinelles aphidiphages du Sud-Est de la France Leur type de spécificité leur action predatrice sur Aphis fabae L. Entomophaga 11: 203-10.

Iperti, G., Y. Laudeho, J. Braun & E. Choppin de Janvry. 1970. Les entomophages de Parlatoria blanchardi Targ. dans les palmeriqies de L'adrar Mauritanien. Ann. Zool. Ecol. Anim. 2: 617-38.

Isely, F. B. 1944. Correlation between mandibular morphology and food specificity in grasshoppers. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 37: 47-67.

Ito, Y., K. Miyashita & K. Sekiguchi. 1962. Studies on the predators of the rice crop insect pests using the insecticidal check method. Japanese J. Ecol. 12: 1-11.

Iwata, K. 1964. Bionomics of non-social wasps in Thailand. Nature and Life S.E. Asia. Fauna and Flora Res. Soc., Kyoto, Japan 3: 323-83.

James, H. G. 1961. Some predators of Aedes stimulans (Walk.) and Aedes trichurus (Dyar) (Diptera: Culicidae) in woodland pools. Canad. J. Zool. 39: 533-40.

James, H. G. 1964a. Insect and other fauna associated with the rock pool mosquito Aedes artropalpus (Coq.). Mosq. News 24: 325-29.

James. H. G. 1964b. The role of Coleoptera in the natural control of mosquitoes in Canada. Proc. 11th Intern. Cong. Ent. (London, 1964): 357-58.

James, H. G. 1965. Predators of Aedes atropalpus (Coq.) (Diptera: Culicidae) and of other mosquitoes breeding in rock pools in Ontario. Canad. J. Zool. 43: 155-59.

James, H. G. 1966a. Insect predators of univoltine mosquitoes in woodland pools of the pre-cambrian shield in Ontario. Canad. Ent. 98: 550-55.

James, H. G. 1966b. Location of univoltine Aedes eggs in woodland pool areas and experimental exposure to predators. Mosquito News 26: 59-63.

James, H. G. 1967. Seasonal activity of mosquito predators in woodland pools in Ontario. Mosq. News 27: 453-57.

Janzen, D. H. 1966. Coevolution of mutualism between ants and acacias in Central America. Evolution 20: 249-75.

Jenkins, D. W. 1964. Pathogens, parasites and predators of medically important arthropods, annotated list and bibliography. Bull. Wld. Hlth Org. (Suppl.) 30: 1-150.

Johnson, N. E. & S. Cameron. 1969. Phytophagous ground beetles. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 62: 909-14.

Kaestner, A. 1968. Order Araneae, Spiders in Invertebrate Zoology, Vol. 2. Interscience, New York. p. 131-203. (Trans.)

Kennett, C. E. 1958. Some predaceous mites of the subfamilies Phytoseiinae and Aceosejinae (Acarina: Phytoseiidae, Aceosejidae) from central California with descriptions of new species. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 51: 471-79.

Kennett, C. E. & D. L. Flaherty. 1974. Pest Management of Citrus Red Mite on Citrus in the Southern San Joaquin Valley. San Joaquin Valley Agr. Res. Ext. Cent., Parlier, Calif. 27 p.

Kesten, U. 1969. Zur Morphologie und Biologie von Anatis ocellata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Z. angew. Ent. 63: 412-45.

Kiritani, K. & J. P. Dempster. 1973. Quantitative evaluation of natural enemy effectiveness. J. Appl. Ecol. 10: 323-30.

Kiritani, K., S. Kawahara, T. Sasaba & F. Nakasugi. 1971. An attempt of rice pest control by integration of pesticides and natural enemies. Gensei 22: 19-23.

Kiritani, K., S. Kawahara, T. Sasaba & F. Nakasugi. 1972. Quantitative evaluation of predation by species on the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler, by sight-count method. Res. Pop. Ecol. 13: 187-200.

Kirk, V. M. 1973. Biology of a ground beetle Harpalus pennsylvanica. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 66: 513-17.

Kline, L. N. & J. A. Rudinsky. 1964. Predators and parasites of the Douglas-fir beetle: description and identification of the immature stages. Agr. Exp. Sta Oregon St. Univ., Corvallis Tech. Bull. 79. 52 p.

Kovchazov, G. & K. Kolarov. 1966. Laboratory and field studies of exotic larvivorous annual fish, at Varna, Bulgaria. WHO/EBL/66.67: 11 p.

Kramer, V. L., R. Garcia & A. E. Colwell. 1987. An evaluation of the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, and the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, as mosquito control agents in California wild rice fields. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Assoc. 3: 626-32.

Kramer, V. L., R. Garcia & A. E. Colwell. 1988. An evaluation of Gambusia affinis and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis as mosquito control agents in California wild rice fields. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Assoc. 4: 470-78.

Krantz, G. W. 1970. A Manual of Acarology. Oregon St. Univ., Book Stores, Corvallis. 335 p.

Krombein, K. V. 1967. Trap-nesting Wasps and Bees: Life Histories, Nests and Associates. Smithsonian Press, Wash., D.C. 570 p.

Kühlhorn, F. 1961. Investigations on the importance of various representatives of the hydrofauna and -flora as natural limiting factors for Anopheles larvae. Z. angew. Zool. 48: 129-61.

Kühlhorn, F. 1965. An investigation of the natural enemies of Anopheles larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in different areas at varying altitudes in West Germany. EBL/ 37.65:: 1-18.

Kühlhorn, F. 1983. Dipterenfeinde in Stallungen. Anz. Schädlingskd. Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 56(6): 109-13.

Kulman, H. M. 1974. Comparative ecology of North American Carabidae with special reference to biological control. Entomophaga Mem. H.S. 7: 61-70.

Künast, C., J. Buschmenn & T. Kalnin. 1986. Das Stallfliegenproblem: Wege zu integrierten Bekämpfungsverfahren. Tieräztl. Umschau 41(11): 869-71.

Laing, J. E. 1969. Life history and life table of Metaseiulus occidentalis. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 62: 978-82.

Laing, J. E. & J. A. L. Osborn. 1974. The effect of prey density on the functional and numerical responses of three species of predatory mites. Entomophaga 19: 267-77.

Laing, J. & H. E. Welch. 1963. A dolichopodid predacious on larvae of Culex restuans Theob. Proc. Ent. Soc. Ontario 93: 89-90.

Lamborn, R. H. 1890. Dragon Flies vs. Mosquitoes. D. Appleton Co., New York. 202 p.

Laurence, B. R. 1954. The larval inhabitants of cowpats. J. Anim. Ecol. 23: 234-60.

Lavigne, R. J. & F. R. Holland. 1969. Comparative behavior of eleven species of Wyoming robber flies. Univ. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Sci. Monogr. No. 18. 61 p.

Lawton, J. H., J. R. Beddington & R. Bonser. 1974. Switching in invertebrate predators, p. 141-58. In: M. B. Usher & M. H. Williamson (eds.), Ecological Stability. Chapman & Hall, London; Wiley, New York.

Lee, F. C. 1967. Laboratory observations on certain mosquito predators. Mosq. News. 27: 332-38.

Leech, H. B. 1946. List of some Philonthus from British Columbia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. British Columbia 43: 23-4.

1965 Legner, E. F. 1965. Un complejo de los artrópodos que influyen los estadios juveniles de Musca domestica L. en Puerto Rico. Carib. J. Sci. 5(3-4): 109-115.

1971 Legner, E. F. 1971. Some effects of the ambient arthropod complex on the density and potential parasitization of muscoid Diptera in poultry wastes. J. Econ. Entomol. 64(1): 111-115.

1977 Legner, E. F. 1977. Response of Culex spp. larvae and their natural insect predators to two inoculation rates with Dugesia dorotocephala (Woodworth) in shallow ponds. J. Amer. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 37(3): 435-440.

1978a Legner, E. F. 1978a. Natural enemies imported in California for the biological control of face fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, and horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.). Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vector Contr. Assoc., Inc. 46: 77-79.

1978b Legner, E. F. 1978b. Mass culture of Tilapia zillii [Cichlidae] in pond ecosystems. Entomophaga 23(1): 51-56.

1978c Legner, E. F. 1978c. Part I: Parasites and predators introduced against arthropod pests. Diptera. In: Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review (C. P. Clausen, ed.), pp. 335-39; 346-55. Agric. Handbk. No. 480, ARS, USDA, U. S. Govt. Printing Off., Wash., D. C. 545 pp

1979a Legner, E. F. 1979a. Advancements in the use of flatworms for biological mosquito control. Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vector Contr. Assoc., Inc. 47: 42-43.

1979b Legner, E. F. 1979b. Considerations in the management of Tilapia for biological aquatic weed control. Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vector Contr. Assoc., Inc. 47: 44-45.

1983 Legner, E. F. 1983. Imported cichlid behaviour in California. Proc. Intern. Symp. on Tilapia in aquaculture, Nazareth, Israel, 8-13 May, 1983. Tel Aviv Univ. Publ. 59-63.

1985 Legner, E. F. 1985. Invertebrate predators other than insects. In: Biological Control of Mosquitoes, pp. 46-50 (Chapter 6), H.C. Chapman (ed.). Bull. No. 6, Amer. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., Inc. 218 pp.

1986a Legner, E. F. 1986a. Importation of exotic natural enemies. In: pp. 19-30, "Biological Control of Plant Pests and of Vectors of Human and Animal Diseases." Fortschritte der Zool. Bd. 32: 341 pp.

1986b Legner, E. F. 1986b. The requirement for reassessment of interactions among dung beetles, symbovine flies and natural enemies. Entomol. Soc. Amer. Misc. Publ. 61: 120-131.

1964 Legner, E. F. & E. C. Bay. 1964. La primera exploración para buscar enemigos naturales de Hippelates en Puerto Rico (Insecta: Chloropidae). Carib. J. Sci. 4(4): 467-471.

1965 Legner, E. F. & E. C. Bay. 1965. Predatory and parasitic agents attacking the Hippelates pusio complex in Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ.Puerto Rico 49(3): 377-385.

1973 Legner, E. F. & W. R. Bowen. 1973. Influence of available poultry manure breeding habitat on emergence density of synanthropic flies (Diptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 66(3): 533-538.

1989 Legner, E. F. & E. J. Dietrick. 1989. Coexistence of predatory Muscina stabulans and Ophyra aenescens [Dipt.: Muscidae] with dipterous prey in poultry manure. Entomophaga 34(4): 453-461.

1980 Legner, E. F. & T. W. Fisher. 1980. Impact of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) on Potamogeton pectinatus L., Myriophyllum spicatum var. exalbescens Jepson, and mosquito reproduction in lower Colorado Desert irrigation canals. Acta Oecologica, Oecol. Applic. 1(1): 3-14.

1972 Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved. 1972. Predators investigated for the biological control of mosquitoes and midges at the University of California, Riverside. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., Inc. 40: 109-111.

1973a Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved. 1973a. Influence of Tilapia mossambica (Peters), T. zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) and Mollienesia latipinna LeSueur (Poeciliidae) on pond populations of Culex mosquitoes and chironomid midges. J. Amer. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 33(3): 354-364.

1973b Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved. 1973b. Predation of mosquitoes and chironomid midges in ponds by Tilapia zillii (Gervais) and T. mossambica (Peters) (Teleosteii: Cichlidae). Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., Inc. 41: 119-121.

1974a Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved. 1974a. The native desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius Baird and Girard, a substitute for Gambusia in mosquito control? Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., Inc. 42: 58-59.

1974b Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved. 1974b. Laboratory and small-scale field experiments with planaria (Tricladida, Turbellaria) as biological mosquito control agents. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., Inc. 42: 79-80.

1977 Legner, E. F. & I. Moore. 1977. The larva of Platystethus spiculus Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) and its occurrence in bovine feces in irrigated pastures. Psyche 84(2): 158-164.

1964 Legner, E. F. & E. R. Oatman. 1964. Spiders on apple in Wisconsin and their abundance in a natural and two artificial environments. Canad. Entomol. 96(9): 1202-1207.

1970 Legner, E. F. & G. S. Olton. 1970. Worldwide survey and comparison of adult predator and scavenger insect populations associated with domestic animal manure where livestock is artificially congregated. Hilgardia 40(9): 225-266.

1977 Legner, E. F. & F. W. Pelsue. 1977. Adaptations of Tilapia to Culex and chironomid midge ecosystems in south California. Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vector Contr. Assoc., Inc. 45: 95-97.

1980 Legner, E. F. & F. W. Pelsue, Jr. 1980. Bioconversion: Tilapia fish turn insects and weeds into edible protein. Calif. Agric. 34(11-12):13-14.

1983 Legner, E. F. & F. W. Pelsue, Jr. 1983. Contemporary appraisal of the population dynamics of introduced cichlid fish in south California. Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vector Contr. Assoc., Inc. 51: 38-39.

1978 Legner, E. F. & S.-C. Tsai. 1978. Increasing fission rate of the planarian mosquito predator, Dugesia dorotocephala, through biological filtration. Entomophaga 23(3): 293-298.

1990 Legner, E. F. & R. W. Warkentin. 1990. Rationale for the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius, as a complement to Gambusia in mosquito control. Calif. Mosq. & Vector Contr. Assoc., Inc. 57: 142-145.

1975 Legner, E. F. & H.-S. Yu. 1975. Larvicidal effects on mosquitoes of substances secreted by the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala

(Woodworth). Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., Inc. 43: 128-131.

1965 Legner, E. F., E. C. Bay & C. W. McCoy. 1965. Parasitic natural regulatory agents attacking Musca domestica L. in Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico 49(3): 368-376.

1969 Legner, E. F. & D. J. Greathead. 1969. Parasitism of pupae in East African populations of Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62(1): 128-133.

1966 Legner, E. F., E. C. Bay & T. H. Farr. 1966. Parasitic and predacious agents affecting the Hippelates pusio complex in Jamaica and Trinidad. Canad. Entomol. 98(1): 28-33.

1971 Legner, E. F., L. Moore & R. A. Medved. 1971. Observations on predation of Hippelates collusor and distribution in southern California of associated fauna. J. Econ. Entomol. 64(2): 461-468.

1973 Legner, E. F., W. R. Bowen, W. D. McKeen, W. F. Rooney & R. F. Hobza. 1973. Inverse relationships between mass of breeding habitatand synanthropic fly emergence and the measurement of population densities with sticky tapes in California inland valleys. Environ. Entomol. 2(2): 199-205.

1974 Legner, E. F., B. B. Sugerman, H.-S. Yu and H. Lum. 1974. Biological and integrated control of the bush fly, Musca sorbens Wiedemann and other filth breeding Diptera in Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands. Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol. 1: 1-14.

1975a Legner, E. F., R. A. Medved & W. J. Hauser. 1975. Predation by the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius on Culex mosquitoes and benthic chironomid midges. Entomophaga 20(1): 23-30.

1975b Legner, E. F., H.-S. Yu, R. A. Medved & M. E. Badgley. 1975b. Mosquito and chironomid midge control by planaria. Calif. Agric. 29(11): 3-6.

1975c Legner, E. F., G. S. Olton, R. E. Eastwood & E. J. Dietrick. 1975c. Seasonal density, distribution and interactions of predatory and scavenger arthropods in accumulating poultry wastes in coastal and interior southern California. Entomophaga 20(3): 269-283.

1980a Legner, E. F., R. A. Medved & F. Pelsue. 1980a. Changes in chironomid breeding patterns in a paved river channel following adaptation of cichlids of the Tilapia mossambica-hornorum complex. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 73(1): 293-299.

1980b Legner, E. F., D. J. Greathead & I. Moore. 1980b. Population density fluctuations of predatory and scavenger arthropods in accumulating bovine excrement of three age classes in equatorial East Africa. Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol. 5: 23-44.

1980c Legner, E. F., R. D. Sjogren & L. L. Luna. 1980c. Arthropod fauna cohabiting larval breeding sites of Leptoconops foulki Clastrier & Wirth in the Santa Ana River, California. J. Amer. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 40(1): 46-54.

Ler, P. A. 1964. On the food and importance of robberflies (Asilidae). Tr. Nauch. Issled. Zasc. Rast. (Kazalch Mm. Agr.), SSR 8: 213-44.

Lever, R. J. A. W. 1938. Entomological notes 3. A Javanese beetle to combat houseflies. J. Dept. Agric. Fiji 9(4): 15-18.

Levy, R. & T. W. Miller, Jr. 1978. Tolerance of the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala to high concentrations of pesticides and growth regulators. Entomophaga 23: 31-34.

Lewis, T. 1973. Thrips: Their Biology, Ecology and Economic Importance. Academic Press, New York. 349 p.

Lindquist, A. W. 1943. Ants as predators of Cochliomyia americana C. & P. J. Econ. Ent. 35: 850-52.

Liotta, G. & G. Mineo. 1963. Prove di lotto biologica artificiale control lo Pseudococcus citri R. Boll. 1st Ent. Agrar. Osservat. Fitopat. Palermo 5: 3-16

Lindern, E. 1949. Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. Stuttgart. 422 p.

Lo, C.-T. 1967. The inhibiting action of ostracods on snail cultures. Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 86: 402-05.

Lord, F. T. 1971. Laboratory tests to compare the predatory value of six mirid species in each stage of development against the winter eggs of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Canad. Ent. 103: 1663.

Luczak, E. J. 1968. An attempt at quantitative estimation of some factors on the predator-prey system, on the example of spiders and mosquitoes. Ekol. Polska, Warszawa B-14(4): 343, 434.

MacLeod, E. G. 1967. Experimental induction and elimination of adult diapause and autumnal coloration in Chrysopa carnea (Neuroptera). Insect Physiol. 13: 1343-49.

Mank, H. G. 1923. The biology of the Staphylinidae. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 16: 220-37.

Manly, B. F. J. 1973. A linear model of frequency-dependent selection by predators. Rev. Pop. Ecol. 14: 137-50.

Martel, P. & M. L. Sharma. 1970. Quelques notes sur Microweisea marginata (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), predateur de la cochenille du pin, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch). Ann. Soc. Ent. Quebec 49: 62-5.

Mathys, G. & M. Baggiolini. 1965. Praktische Anwendung der integrieten Shädlingbekämpfung in Obstanlagen der Westschweiz. Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land. Forstwirt. Berlin, Dahlem 115: 21-30.

Matsumoto, B. M. & T. Nishida. 1966. Predator-prey investigations on the taro leafhopper and its egg predator. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. No. 64. 32 p.

McMullen, R. D. 1967. The effects of photoperiod, temperature and food supply on rate of development and diapause in Coccinella novemnotata. Canad. Ent. 99: 578-86.

McMurtry, J. A. & G. T. Scriven. 1966. The influence of pollen and prey density on the number of prey consumed by Amblyseius hibisci (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 58: 106-49.

McMurtry, J. A., H. G. Johnson & G. T. Scriven. 1969. Experiments to determine effects of mass release of Stethorus picipes on the level of infestation of the avocado brown mite. J. Econ. Ent. 62: 1216-21.

McMurtry, J. A., C. B. Huffaker & M. van de Vrie. 1970. Ecology of tetranychid enemies: their biological characters and the impact of spray practices. Hilgardia 40: 331-90.

Medley, J. G. & C. M. Jones. 1963. Insects infesting cattle droppings. Ent. Res. Div. Agric. Res. Serv., U. S. Dept. Agric., Lincoln, Nebraska. Tech. Rept. 1963.

Medved, R. A. & E. F. Legner. 1974. Feeding and reproduction of the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala (Woodworth), in the presence of Culex peus Speiser. Environ. Ent. 3: 637-41.

Menon, P. K. B. & P. K. Rajagopalan. 1978. Control of mosquito breeding in wells by using Gambusia affinis and Aplocheilus blockii in Pondicherry town. Indian J. of Med. Res. 68: 927-33.

Miller, N. C. E. 1971. The Biology of the Heteroptera. E. W. Classy, England. 206 p.

Minoranskii, V. A. 1967. Uber die Faktoren, die Massenvermehrung der Rubenblattlaus (Aphis fabae Scop.) im Suden der europäischen UdSSR verhindern. Arch. Pflanzenschutz 3: 101-14.

Mitchell, B. 1963. Ecology of two carabid beetle, Bembidion lampros (Herbit) and Trechus quadristnatus (Schrank). I. Life cycles and feeding behaviour. J. Anim. Ecol. 32: 289-99.

Mittelstaedt, H. 1957. Prey capture in mantids. Rec. Advan. Invertebr. Physiol. Symp. Univ. Oregon. p. 51-71.

Miura, T., R. M. Takahashi & F. S. Mulligan, III. 1980. Effects of the bacterial mosquito larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 on selected aquatic organisms. Mosq. News 40: 619-22.

Miura, T., R. M. Takahashi & W. H. Wilder. 1984. Impact of the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) on a rice field ecosystem when used as a mosquito control agent. Mosq. News 44: 510-17.

Mohr, C. R. 1943. Cattle droppings as ecological units. Ecol. Monogr. 13: 275-98.

Morge, G. 1967. Eine Beobachtung zur Grundfrage der Abhängigkeit von Wirkungsgrad und Wert naturlicher Feinde gegenüber Schädlingen. Beitr. Ent. 17: 225-33.

Morris, R. F. 1963. The effect of predator age and prey defense on the functional response of Podisus maculiventris Say to the density of Hyphantria cunea Drury. Canad. Ent. 95: 1009-2000.

Mukerji, M. K. & E. J. LeRoux. 1969. A study on energetics of Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Canad. Ent. 101: 449-60.

Mulla, M. S., N. S. Tietze & M. J. Wargo. 1986. Tadpole shrimp (Triops longicaudatus), a potential biological control agent for mosquitoes. Univ. of Calif., Mosquito Control Research, Ann. Rept. p 44-45.

Mulligan, F. S., III, D. G. Farley, J. R. Caton & C. H. Schaefer. 1983. Survival and predatory efficiency of Gambusia affinis for control of mosquitoes in underground drains. Mosq. News 43: 318-21

Muma, M. H. 1955. Factors contributing to the natural control of citrus insects and mites in Florida. J. Econ. Ent. 48: 432-38.

Muma, M. H. & H. A. Denmark. 1970. Phytoseiidae of Florida. Fla. Dept. Agr. Consumer Serv., Gainesville. 1950 p.

Murdoch, W. W. & J. R. Marks. 1973. Predation by coccinellid beetles: experiments on switching. Ecology 54: 160-67.

Myers, G. S. 1952. Annual fishes. Aquarium J. 23: 125.

Nakagawa, P. Y. & J. Ikeda. 1969. Biological control of mosquitoes with larvivorous fishes in Hawaii. WHO/VBC/69.173: 1-25.

Nelson, F. R. S. 1979. Comparative predatory potential and asexual reproduction of sectioned Dugesia dorotocephala as they relate to biological control of mosquito vectors. Environ. Ent. 8: 679-81.

Neng, W. 1986. Vector control by fish for the prevention of dengue fever in Guangxi, Peoples' Republic of China, pp. 155-56. In: Proc. 4th Symposium Arbovirus Research in Australia (1986), T. D. St. George, B. H. Kay & J. Blok (eds.). Q.I.M.R., Brisbane. 

Neuenschwander, P. 1975. Influence of temperature and humidity on the immature stages of Hemerobius pacificus. Environ. Ent. 4: 216-20.

Neuenschwander, P., K. S. Hagen & R. F. Smith. 1975. Predation on aphids in California alfalfa fields. Hilgardia 43: 53-78.

Newsom, L. D. 1974. Predator insecticide relationships. Entomophaga Mem. H. S. 7: 13-23.

Niemczyk, E., R. Olszak, M. Miszczak & G. Bakowski. 1974. The Effectiveness of Some Predaceous Insects in the Control of Phytophagus Insects in the Control of Phytophagous Mites and Aphids on Apple Trees. Res. Inst. Pomology, Skierniewice, Poland. 84 p.

Notestine, M. K. 1971. Population densities of known invertebrate predators of mosquito larvae in Utah

Notestine, M. K. 1971. Population densities of known invertebrate predators of mosquito larvae in Utah marshlands. Mosq. News 31: 331-34.

Nuorteva, M. 1971. Die Borkenkäfer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) und deren Insektenfeinde im Kirchspiel Kuusamo, Nordfinnland. Ann. Ent. Fenn. 37: 65-72.

Nuorteva, P. 1970. Histerid beetles as predators of blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) in Finland. Ann. Zool. Fennici 7: 195-98.

Oakley, B. & J. M. Palka. 1967. Prey capture by dragonfly larvae. Amer. Zool. 7: 727-28.

Oatman, E. R. 1970. Studies on integrating Phytoseiulus persimilis releases and natural predation for control of the two-spotted spider mite on rhubarb in southern California. J. Econ. Ent. 63: 1177-80.

Oatman, E. R., J. A. McMurtry, H. H. Shorey & V. Voth. 1967. Studies on integrating Phytoseiulus persimilis releases, chemical applications, cultural manipulations and natural predation for control of the two-spotted spider mite on strawberry in southern California. J. Econ. Ent. 57: 1344-51.

Oatman, E. R., J. A. McMurtry & V. Voth. 1968. Suppression of the two-spotted spider mite on strawberry with mass releases of Phytoseiulus persimilis. J. Econ. Ent. 61: 1517-21.

O'Donnell, R. & R. C. Axtell. 1965. Predation by Fuscuropoda vegetans (Acarina: Uropodidae) on the house fly (Musca domestica). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 58: 403-04.

O'Donnell, A. E. & E. L. Nelson. 1967. Predation by Fuscuropoda vegetans (Acarina: Uropodidae) and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae) on the eggs of the little house fly, Fannia canicularis. J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 40: 441-43.

Okamoto, H. 1966. Three problems of aphidophagous coccinellids, p. 45-46. In: I. Hodek (ed.), Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects. W. Junk, The Hague. 227 p.

Palchick, S. 1984. The potential of flatworms (Turbellaria: Typhloplanidae) as biological control agents of mosquitoes. Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol. 9: 17-20.

Palchick, S. & R. K. Washino. 1984. Factors affecting mosquito larval abundance in northern California rice fields. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 52: 144-47.

Peck, J. H. 1969. Arthropod predators of Diptera developing in poultry droppings in northern California. Part II. Laboratory studies on feeding behaviors and predation potential of selected species. J. Med. Ent. 6: 168-71.

Peck, J. H. & J. R. Anderson. 1969. Arthropod predators of immature Diptera developing in poultry droppings in northern California. Part I. Determination, seasonal abundance and natural cohabitation with prey. J. Med. Ent. 6: 163-67.

Pelzman, R. J. 1975. California State Dept. of Fish and Game policy on the use of native and exotic fish as biological control agents. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 43: 49-50.

Penney, M. M. 1969. Diapause and reproduction in Nebria brevicollis (F.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae). J. Anim. Ecol. 38: 219-33.

Perkins, P. V. & T. F. Watson. 1972. Biology of Nabis alternatus (Hemiptera: Nabidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 65: 54-7.

Perkins, R. C. L. 1909. Prof. Koebele's work on horn-fly. Rep. Board Comm. Agric. & Forest., Hawaii 1908: 119-22.

Perkins, R. C. L. 1911. Report on the importation and work of horn fly parasites for 1910. Rep. Board Comm. Agric. & Forest., Hawaii. 1910: 143-45.

Peterson, B. V. 1960. Notes on some natural enemies of Utah black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canad. Ent. 92: 266-74.

Peterson, B. V. & D. M. Davies. 1960. Observations on some insect predators of black flies of Algonquin Park, Ontario. Canad. J. Zool. 38: 9-18.

Pickett, A. D. & N. A. Patterson. 1953. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. IV. A review. Canad. Ent. 84: 472-78.

Pimentel, D. 1955. Relationship of ants to fly control in Puerto Rico. J. Econ. Ent. 48: 28-30.

Pollard, E. 1969. The effect of removal of arthropod predators on an infestation of Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on brussels sprouts. Ent. Exp. Appl. 12: 118-24.

Principi, M. M. 1956. Contributi allo studio dei Neurotteri Italiani. Boll. Inst. Ent. Univ. Bologna 21: 319-410.

Putnam, W. L. 1965. The predaceous thrips, Haplothrips faurei Hood (Thysanoptera: Phloeothripidae), in Ontario peach orchards. Canad. Ent. 97: 1208-21.

Putnam, W. L. 1967. Prevalence of spiders and their importance on predators in Ontario peach orchards. Canad. Ent. 99: 160-70.

Qureshi, A. H. & E. C. Bay. 1969. Some observations on Hydra americana Hyman as a predator of Culex peus Speiser mosquito larvae. Mosq. News 29(3): 465-71.

Quezada, J. R. & P. DeBach. 1973. Bioecological and population studies of the cottony-cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Mask. and its natural enemies, Rodolia cardinalis Mul. and Cryptochaetum iceryae Will., in southern California. Hilgardia 41: 631-88.

Rabb, R. L., F. A. Todd & H. C. Ellis. 1974. Pest management: an interdisciplinary approach to crop protection. Tobacco Pest Management. AAAS Symp. Feb., 1974, San Francisco, Calif.

Rapport, D. J. & J. E. Turner. 1970. Determination of predator food preferences. J. Theoret. Biol. 26: 365-72.

Readio, P. A. 1927. Studies on the biology of Reduviidae of America north of Mexico. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 17: 5-291.

Remaudiere, G. & F. Leclant. 1971. Le complexe des ennemis naturels des aphides du pecher dans la Moyenne Vallée du Rhone. Entomophaga 16: 255-67.

Remaudiere, G., G. Iperti, F. Leclant, J. P. Lyon & M. F. Michel. 1973. Biologie et écologie des aphids et de leurs ennemis naturels. Application a la lutte intégréé en vergers. Entomophaga Mem. H. S. 6: 35 p.

Ridgway, R. L. & R. E. Kinzer. 1974. Chrysopids as predators of crop pests. Entomophaga Mem. H. S. 7: 45-51.

Riechert, S. E. 1974. Thoughts on the ecological significance of spiders. Bioscience 24: 352-56.

Riser, N. W. & M. P. Morse (eds.). 1974. Biology of the Turbellaria. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 475 p.

Rivard, I. 1964. Observations on the breeding periods of some ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in eastern Ontario. Canad. J. Zool. 42: 1081-84.

Riviere, F. 1985. Effects of two predators on community composition and biological control of Aedes aegypti and Aedes polynesiensis, pp. 121-35. In: Ecology of Mosquitoes: Proc. of a workshop, L. P. Lounibos, J. R. Rey & J. H. Frank (eds.). Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory.

Riviere, F., Y. Sechan & B. H. Kay. 1987. The evaluation of predators for mosquito control in French Polynesia, pp. 150-54. In: Proc. 4th Symposium Arbovirus Research in Australia (1986), T. D. St. George, B. H. Kay & J. Blok (eds.). Q.I.M.R., Brisbane.

Roberts, D. R., L. W. Smith & W. R. Enns. 1967. Laboratory observations on predation activities of Laccophilus beetles on the immature stages of some dipterous pests found in Missouri oxidation lagoons. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 60: 908-10.

Roberts, J. & D. R. T. Sampson. 1987. Data sheet on biological control agents: tilapiine fish. WHO/VBC/94.5. 18p.

Rodriguez, J. G. 1962. Studies on the biological control of housefly eggs using macrochelid mites. Proc. 11th Intern. Cong. Ent., Vienna 2: 875.

Rodriguez, J. G. & C. F. Wade. 1962. Preliminary studies on biological control of housefly eggs using macrochelid mites. Proc. 11th Intern. Cong. Ent., Vienna (1960) 3: 305-06.

Rodriguez, J. L. & L. A. Riehl. 1962. Control of flies in manure of chickens and rabbits by cockerels in southern California. J. Econ. Ent. 55: 473-77.

Roeder, K. D. 1963. Nerve Cells and Insect Behavior. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 188 p.

Rogers, C. E., H. B. Jackson & R. D. Eikenbary. 1972. Responses of an imported coccinellid Propylea 14-punctata, to aphids associated with small grains in Oklahoma. Environ. Ent. 1: 198-202.

Sailer, R. I. & S. E. Lienk. 1954. Insect predators of mosquito larvae and pupae in Alaska. Mosq. News. 14: 14-16.

Sanders, D. P. & R. C. Dobson. 1966. The insect complex associated with bovine manure in Indiana. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 59: 955-59.

Sasa, M., & T. Kurihara. 1981. The use of poeciliid fish in the control of mosquitoes, pp. 36-53. In: Biocontrol of Medical and Veterinary Pests, M. Laird (ed.). Praeger, New York.

Sasaba, T. & K. Kiritani. 1975. A systems model and computer simulation of the green rice leafhopper populations in control programmes. Res. Pop. Ecol. 16: 231-44.

Sasaji, H. 1971. Fauna Japonica, Coccinellidae. Academic Press of Japan, Keigaku, Publ. Co., Tokyo. 340 p.

Savoiskaya, G. I. 1960. Morphology and taxonomy of coccinellid larvae from southeast Kazakhstan. Ent. Rev. (USSR) 39: 80-8.

Sawara, Y. 1974. Reproduction in the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), a freshwater fish introduced into Japan. Japanese J. Ecol. 24: 140-46.

Schaufuss, C. 1916. Calwer's Käferbuch. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart. 2 p.

Schiefelbein, J. W. & H. C. Chiang. 1966. Effects of spray of sucrose solution on a corn field on the populations of predatory insects and their prey. Entomophaga 11: 333-39.

Schneider, F. 1969. Bionomics and physiology of aphidophagous Syrphidae. Ann. Rev. Ent. 14: 103-24.

Scopes, N. E. A. 1969. The potential of Chrysopa carnea as a biological control agent of Myzus persicae on glasshouse chrysanthemums. Ann. Appl. Biol. 64: 433-39.

Seguy, E. 1950. La biologie des Dipteres, Vol. 26. Encyclopedie Ent. Sér. A., Paris. 609 p.

Selander, R. B. 1960. Bionomics, Systematics and Phylogeny of Luytta, a genus of blister beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Univ. Ill. Press, Urbana, Illinois. 295 p.

Service. M. W. 1965a. Predators of the immature stages of Aedes (Stegomyia) vittatus (Bigot) (Diptera: Culicidae) in water-filled rock-pools in Northern Nigeria. WHO/EBL/33.65: 1-19.

Service, M. W. 1965b. Tachdromia spp. as predators of adult anopheline mosquitoes. WHO/EBL/34.65: 1-4.

Service, M. W. 1973. Study of the natural predators of Aedes cantans (Meigen) using the precipitin test. J. Med. Ent. 10: 503-10.

Service, M. W. 1977. Mortalities of the immature stages of species B of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Kenya: comparison between rice fields and temporary pools, identification of predators and effects of insecticidal spraying. J. Med. Ent. 13: 535-45.

Service, M. W. 1983. Biological control of mosquitoes--has it a future? Mosq. News 43: 113-20.

Shands, W. A. & G. W. Simpson. 1972. Insect predators for controlling aphids on potatoes. 7. A pilot test of spraying eggs of predators on potatoes in plots separated by bare fallow land. J. Econ. Ent. 65: 1383-87.

Shands, W. A., G. W. Simpson, H. E. Wave & C. C. Gordon. 1972. Importance of arthropod predators in controlling aphids on potatoes in northeastern Maine. Univ. Maine Tech. Bull. 54. 49 p.

Sheldon, J. K. & E. G. MacLeod. 1971. Studies on the biology of the Chrysopidae. II. The feeding behavior of the adult of Chrysopa carnea (Neuroptera). Psyche 78: 107-21.

Sheldon, J. K. & E. G. MacLeod. 1974. Studies on the biology of the Chrysopidae. IV. A field and laboratory study of the seasonal cycle of Chrysopa carnea Stephens in central Illinois. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 100; 437-512.

Shurovenkov, B. G. 1962. Field entomophagous predators (Coleoptera, Carabidae and Diptera, Asilidae) and factors determining their efficiency. Ent. Obozr (Ent. Rev.) 41: 476-85.

Simmonds, F. J. 1960. Biological control of the coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Sign. in Principe, Portuguese West Africa. Bull. Ent. Res. 51: 223-37.

Simmonds, H. W. 1929. Introduction of natural enemies against the house fly in Fiji. J. Dept. Agric. Fiji 2: 46.

Simmonds, H. W. 1940. Investigations with a view to the biological control of houseflies in Fiji. Trop. Agric. Trinidad 17: 197-99.

Simmonds, H. W. 1958. The housefly problem in Fiji and Samoa. So. Pac. Comm. Quart. Bull. 8: 29-30, 47.

Singh, P., W. E. King & J. G. Rodriguez. 1966. Biological control of muscids as influenced by host preference of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae). J. Med. Ent. 3: 78-81.

Sjogren, R. D. 1971. Evaluation of the mosquito fish Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) and the common guppy Poecilia reticulata Peters for biological control of mosquitoes in dairy waste lagoons. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Riverside. 105 p.

Sjogren, R. D. 1972. Minimum oxygen threshold of Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) and Poecilia reticulata Peters. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 40: 124-26.

Sjogren, R. D. & E. F. Legner. 1974. Studies of insect predators as agents to control mosquito larvae, with emphasis on storage of Notonecta eggs. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 42: 71-72.

Sjogren, R. D. & E. F. Legner. 1989. Survival of the mosquito predator, Notonecta unifasciata Guerin (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) embryos at low thermal gradients. Entomophaga 34: 201-08.

Smith, H. S. & H. M. Armitage. 1926. Biological control of mealybugs in California. Calif. State. Dept. Agr. Mon. Bull. 9: 104-64.

Smith, R. F. & K. S. Hagen. 1966. Natural regulation of alfalfa aphids in California, p. 297-315. In: I. Hodek (ed.), Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects. W. Junk, The Hague. 227 p.

Smith, S. G. 1965. Chilocorus similis Rossi (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); disinterment and case history. Science 148: 1614-16.

Snowball, G. J. 1941. A consideration of the insect population associated with cow dung at Crawley. J. Roy. Soc. West. Aust. 28: 219-45.

Solomon, M. E. 1949. The natural control of animal populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 18: 1-35.

Solomon, M. E. 1964. Analysis of processes involved in the natural control of insects, p. 1-58. In: J. B. Craff (ed.), Advances in Ecological Research, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.

Southon, H. A. W. 1958. Studies in predation on Glossina. In: Ann. Rept. East African Trypanosomiasis Res., Org., Nairobi, E.A. High Comm: 56-8.

Southwood, T. R. E. 1956. The structure of the eggs of the terrestrial Heteroptera and its relationship to the classification of the group. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 108: 163-221.

Southwood, T. R. E. 1966. Ecological Methods with Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations. Methuen, London. 391 p.

Stark, R. W. & D. L. Dahlsten (eds.). 1970. Studies on the population dynamics of the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomus LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Univ. Calif. Div. Agr. Sci. 174 p.

Steiner, H. 1964. Zur Prüfung der Wirkungsbreite von Pflanzenschutz mitte in bei der integrierten Bekämpfung im Obstbau. Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land. Forstwirt. Berlin Dahlem 115: 30-4.

Stephanides, T. 1960. On the influence of the hydra in mosquito control. Praktika of the Hellenic Hydrobiol. Inst. 7: 1-5.

Stephanides, T. 1964. Some further notes on the possible influence of the hydra in mosquito control. Prakt. Hellenic Hydrobiol. Inst. Acad. Athens 9: 3-6.

Stern, V. M., R. F. Smith, R. van den Bosch & K. S. Hagen. 1959. The integration of chemical and biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid. Hilgardia 29: 81-101.

Steve, P. C. 1959. Parasites and predators of Fannia canicularis (L.) and F. scalaris (F.). J. Econ. Ent. 52: 530-31.

Stewart, K. W., G. P. Friday & R. E. Rhame. 1973. Food habits of hellgrammite larvae, Corydalus corrutus (Megaloptea: Corydalidae), in Brazos River, Texas. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 66: 959-63.

Steyn, J. J. 1959. The use of social spiders against gastro-intestinal infections spread by house flies. S. African Med. J. 33: 730-31.

Strouhal, H. 1926. Pilzfressende Coccinelliden. Z. Wiss. Inst. Biol. 31: 131-43.

Sukhravy, V. 1959. Prispevek k bionomii polnich strevlikovitych (Col. Carabidae). (additions to the bionomics of field carabids). Rozpr. …esk. Akad. Ved. Rada Mat. 99: 1-64.

Sundby, R. A. 1966. A comparative study of the efficiency of three predatory insects Coccinella septempunctata L. Chrysopa carnea St. and Syrphus ribesii L. at two different temperatures. Entomophaga 11: 395-404.

Swan, L. A. 1964. Beneficial Insects. Harper & Row, New York. 429 p.

Sweetman, H. L. 1958. The Principles of Biological Control. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 560 p.

Swezey, O. H. 1911. Professor Koebele's work on the horn fly for 1909. Rep. Board Comm. Agric. & Forest., Div. Ent. Hawaii. p. 116-21.

Swezey, O. H. 1912. Record of the hornfly parasite material received from Mr. A. Koebele in Europe during 1911 and 1912. Rep. Board Comm. Agric. & Forest., Div. Ent., Hawaii. p. 145-49.

Swezey, O. H. 1936. Biological control of the sugarcane leafhopper in Hawaii. Hawaii Sugar Plant. Asso. Exp. Sta. Ent. Ser. Bull. 21: 57-101.

Swynnerton, C. F. M. 1936. The tsetse flies of East Africa. A first study of their ecology, with a view to their control. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 84(36): 1-579.

Tabibzadeh, I., C. Behbehani & R. Nakhai. 1970. Use of Gambusia fish in the malaria eradication programme of Iran. Bull. World Hlth. Org. 43: 623-26.

Takeda, S., S. Hukusima & S. Yamada. 1964. Seasonal abundance of coccinellid beetles. Res. Bull. Fac. Agr. Gifu Univ. 19: 55-63.

Tamaki, G. 1972. The biology of Geocoris bullatus inhabiting orchard floors and its impact on Myzus persicae on peaches. Environ. Ent. 1: 559-65.

Tamaki, G. 1973. Spring populations of the green peach aphid on peach trees and the role of natural enemies in their control. Environ. Ent. 2: 186-91.

Tamaki, G. & R. E. Weeks. 1972a. Biology and ecology of two predators Geocoris pallens Stäl and G. bullatus (Say). U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 1446. 46 p.

Tamaki, G. & R. E. Weeks. 1972b. Efficiency of three predators, Geocoris bullatus, Nabis americoferus and Coccinella transversoguttata, used alone or in combination against three insect prey species, Myzus persicae, Ceramica picta and Mamestra configurata in a greenhouse study. Environ. Ent. 1: 258-63.

Tamaki, G., B. J. Landis & R. E. Weeks. 1967. Autumn populations of green peach aphid on peach trees and the role of syrphid flies in their control. J. Econ. Ent. 60: 433-36.

Tamaki, G., J. U. McGuire & J. E. Turner. 1974. Predator power and efficacy: a model to evaluate their impact. Environ. Ent. 3: 625-30.

Tao, C.-C. & S.-C. Chiu. 1971. Biological control of citrus, vegetables and tobacco aphids. Taiwan Agr. Res. Inst. Spec. Publ. No. 10. 110 p.

Tauber, M. J. & C. A. Tauber. 1970. Photoperiodic induction and termination of diapause in an insect: response to changing day lengths. Science 167: 170.

Tauber, M. J. & C. A. Tauber. 1972. Larval diapause in Chrysopa nigricornis: sensitive stages, critical photoperiod, and termination (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Ent. Exp. Appl. 15: 105-111.

Tauber, M. J. & C. A. Tauber. 1973. Insect phenology: criteria for analyzing dormancy and for forecasting post diapause development and reproduction in the field. Search Agr. 3: 16 p.

Taylor, T. H. C. 1935. The campaign against Aspidiotus destructor Sign., in Fiji. Bull. Ent. Res. 26: 1-102.

Thompson, W. R. 1951. The specificity of host relations in predaceous insects. Canad. Ent. 83: 262-69.

Thompson, W. R. & F. J. Simmonds. 1964-1965. A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. 3. Predator host catalogue, 204 p. 4. Host predator catalogue, 198 p. Commonw. Agr. Bur. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Contr., Burks, England.

Tietze, N. S. & M. S. Mulla. 1987. Tadpole shrimp (Triops longicaudatus), new candidates as biological control agents for mosquitoes. Calif. Mosq. & Vect. Contr. Assoc. Bio Briefs 13(2): 1.

Tietze, N. S. & M. S. Mulla. 1990. Influence of tadpole shrimp Triops longicaudatus (Notostraca: Triopsidae) stocking rate on Culex tarsalis development in experimental field microcosms. J. Amer. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 7: 265-69.

Toschi, C. A. 1965. The taxonomy, life histories and mating behavior of the green lacewings of Strawberry Canyon (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Hilgardia 36: 391-432.

Tostowaryk, W. 1972. Coleopterous predators of the Swaine jack-pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middletown (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Canad. J. Zool. 50: 1139-46.

Toth, R. S. & R. N. Chew. 1972. Notes on behavior and colonization of Buenoa scimitra, a predator of mosquito larvae. Environ. Ent. 1: 534-35.

Trpis, M. 1970. Adult population estimate of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis breeding in man-made containers in Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. WHO/VBC/70.231: 1-7.

Trpis, M. 1973. Interactions between the predator Toxorhynchites brevipalpus and its prey Aedes aegypti. Bull. World Hlth. Org. 49: 359-65.

Trpis, M. 1981. Survivorship and age specific fertility of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis females (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Ent. 18: 481-86.

Tsai, S.-C. & E. F. Legner. 1977. Exponential growth in culture of the planarian mosquito predator Dugesia dorotocephala (Woodworth). Mosq. News 37: 474-78.

Turnbull, A. L. 1973. Ecology of the true spiders (Araneomorphae). Ann. Rev. Ent. 18: 305-48.

Usinger, R. (ed.). 1963. Aquatic Insects of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. 344 p.

Valiela, I. 1969. The arthropod fauna of bovine dung in central New York and sources on its natural history. J. New York Ent. Soc. 77: 210-20.

van den Bosch, R. & K. S. Hagen. 1966. Predaceous and parasitic arthropods in California cotton fields. Univ. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 820. 32 p.

van den Bosch, R., T. F. Leigh, L. A. Falcon, V. M. Stern. D. Gonzales & K. S. Hagen. 1971. The developing program of integrated control of cotton pests in California, p. 377-94. In: C. B. Huffaker (ed.), Biological Control. Plenum Press, New York.

Vanderplank, F. L. 1941. Nothobranchius and Barbus species: Indigenous antimalarial fish in East Africa. Ea. Afr. Med. J. 17: 431-36.

Vanderplank, F. L. 1967. Why not "Instant Fish" farms? New Scientist 33: 42.

van Emden, H. F. 1966. The effectiveness of aphidophagous insects in reducing aphid populations, p. 227-35. In: I. Hodek (ed.), Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects. W. Junk, The Hague. 227 p.

van Emden, H. F. (ed.). 1972. Aphid Technology. Academic Press, New York. 344 p.

van Emden, H. F., V. F. Eastop, R. D. Hughes & M. J. Way. 1969. The ecology of Myzus persicae. Ann. Rev. Ent. 14: 197-270.

van Emden, H. F. & K. S. Hagen. 1976. Olfactory reactions of the green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea to tryptophan and certain breakdown products. Environ. Ent. 5.

Varley, G. C. 1971. The effects of natural predators and parasites on winter moth populations in England. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. Ecol. Anim. Contr. Habitat Managem. 2: 103-16.

Varley, G. C. & G. R. Gradwell. 1968. Population models for the winter moth, p. 132-42. In: T. R. E. Southwood (ed.), Insect Abundance. Blackwell, Oxford.

Varley, G. C., G. R. Gradwell & M. P. Hassell. 1973. Insect Population Ecology an Analytical Approach. Blackwell, Oxford. 212 p.

Vaught, G. L. & K. W. Stewart. 1974. The life history and ecology of the stone fly Neoperla clymene (Newman) (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 67: 167-78.

Vaz-Ferreira, R. 1969. Peces del Uruguay. Nuestra Tierra 23, Imp. REX S.A., Montevideo. 72 p.

Vaz-Ferreira, R., B. Sierra y S. Scaglia. 1963. Eco-etología de la reproducción en los peces del género Cynolebias Steindachner. Aptdo. de los Archivos de la Soc. de Biol. de Montevideo 26: 44-49.

Veneski, R. & R. K. Washino. 1970. Ecological studies of Hydrophilus triangularis in the laboratory and in a rice field habitat, a preliminary report. Proc. Papers 38th Ann. Conf. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 38: 95-7.

Voelker, J. 1968. Untersuchungen zu Ernährung, Fortpflanzungsbiologie und Entwicklung von Limnogeton fieberi Mayr (Belostomatidae, Hemiptera) als Beitrag zur Kenntnis von natürlichen Feinden tropischer Süsswasserschnecken. Ent. Mitt. 3(60): 1-31.

Vogt, G. B. 1948. Dermestes and Saprinus as predators and pests in flesh fly rearing. J. Econ. Ent. 41: 826-27.

von Koschel, H. 1971. Zur Kenntnis der Raubwanze Himacerus apterus F. (Heteroptera, Nabidae). Teil I. Z. angew. Ent. 68: 1-24. Teil II: 113-37.

Voris, R. 1934. Biologic investigation on the Staphylinidae. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 28: 233-61.

193. Walters, L. L. & E. F. Legner. 1980. Impact of the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius, and Gambusia affinis on fauna in pond

ecosystems. Hilgardia 48(3): 1-18.

Walton, W. E. & M. S. Mulla. 1990. The influence of vegetation and mosquitofish on Culex tarsalis abundance in duck club ponds in southern California. proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Contr. Assoc. 57: 114-21.

Walton, W. E. & M. S. Mulla. 1991. Integrated control of Culex tarsalis larvae using Bacillus sphaericus and Gambusia affinis: effects on mosquitoes and nontarget organisms in field mesocosms. Bull. Soc. Vect. Ecol. 16: 203-21.

Walton, W. E., N. S. Tietze & M. S. Mulla. 1991. Consequences of tadpole shrimp predation on mayflies in some California ponds. Freshwater Biol. 24: 143-54.

Washino, R. K. 1969a. Predator prey studies in relation to an integrated mosquito control program. A progress report. Proc. Pap. 36th Ann. Conf. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 36: 33-4.

Washino, R. K. 1969b. Progress in biological control of mosquitoes-- invertebrate and vertebrate predators. Proc. Pap. 37th Ann. Conf. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 37: 16-19.

Washino, R. K. & Y. Hokama. 1967. Preliminary report on the feeding pattern of two species of fish in a rice field habitat. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 35: 84-7.

Way, M. J. 1963. Mutualism between ants and honeydew-producing Homoptera. Ann. Rev. Ent. 8: 307-44.

Whitcomb, W. D. 1940. Biological control of mealybugs in greenhouses. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 375. 22 p.

Whitcomb, W. H. Field studies on predators of the second-instar bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie). J. Ga. Ent. Soc. 2: 113-18.

Whitcomb, W. H. 1974. Natural populations of entomophagous arthropods and their effect on the agroecosystem, p. 150-69. In: F. G. Maxwell & R. A. Harris (eds.), Proceedings of the Summer Institute of Biological Control of Plant Insects and Diseases. Univ Press, Jackson, Mississippi.

Whitcomb, W. H. & K. Bell. 1964. Predaceous insects, spiders, and mites of Arkansas cotton fields. Univ. Ark. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 690. 84 p.

White, E. B. & E. F. Legner. 1966. Notes on the life history of Aleochara taeniata, a staphylinid parasite of the house fly, Musca domestica. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 59: 573-77.

Wilbert, H. 1972. Der Einfluss der beutedichte auf die sterblichkeit der Larven von Aphidoletes aphidmyza (Rond.) (Cecidomyiidae). Z. angew. Ent. 70: 347-52.

Wille, J. E. 1958. El control biológico de los insectos agrícolas en el Peru. Proc. 10th Internat. Congr. Ent. 4: 519-23.

Willis, R. R. & R. C. Axtell. 1968. Mite predators of the house fly: a comparison of Fuscuropoda vegetans and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae. J. Econ. Ent. 61: 1669-74.

Wilson, E. O. 1971. The Insect Societies. The Belknap Press, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 548 p.

Wilson, F. 1974. The use of biological methods in pest control. In: D. P. Jones & M. E. Solomon (eds.), Biology in Pest and Disease Control. Halstead Press, New York. 398 p.

Wourms, J. B. 1965. Comparative observations on the early embryology of Nothobranchius taenopygus (Hilg.) and Aplocheilichythys pumilis (Blgr.) with especial reference to the problem of naturally occurring diapause in Teleost fishes. Ann. Rept. 1964, East African Freshwater Fisheries Res. Organ. Appendix H: 68-73.

Xambeau, P. 1907. Moeurs et metamorphoses-- Philonthus. Le Naturaliste, Paris 29: 115-17, 144-46.

Yasuno, M. 1965. Ecological studies of Culex (Lutzia) vorax, with special reference to the dispersion pattern and the predatory behaviour. Japanese J. Sanit. Zool. 16: 274-81.

Yeargan, K. V. & W. R. Cothran. 1974. Population studies of Pardosa ramulosa (McCook) and other common spiders in alfalfa. Environ. Ent. 3: 989-93.

Young, A. M. 1967. Predation in the larvae of Dytiscus marginalis Linnaeus. Pan. Pacific Ent. 43: 113-17.

Yu, H. & E. F. Legner. 1973. Inoculation of hydra (Coelenterata) and predation effectiveness in experimental mosquito (Culex) breeding habitats. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 41: 131-36.

Yu, H.-S. & E. F. Legner. 1975. The use of the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala for mosquito control in rice. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 43: 127.

Yu, H.-S. & E. F. Legner. 1976. Regulation of aquatic Diptera by planaria. Entomophaga 21: 31-12.

Yu, H.-S., E. F. Legner & R. D. Sjogren. 1974a. Mosquito control with European green hydra in irrigated pastures, river seepage and duck club ponds in Kern County. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 42: 77-78.

Yu, H.-S., E. F. Legner & R. D. Sjogren. 1974b. Mass release effects of Chlorohydra viridissima (Coelenterata) on field populations of Aedes nigromaculis and Culex tarsalis in Kern County, California. Entomophaga 19: 409-20.

Yu, H.-S., E. F. Legner. G. C. McFarland & F. Pelsue. 1975a. Dugesia dorotocephala for chironomid control in shallow warm water habitats. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., Inc. 43: 100.

Yu, H.-S., E. F. Legner & F. Pelsue. 1975b. Control of Culex mosquitoes in weedy lake habitats in Los Angeles with Chlorohydra viridissima. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 43: 123-26.

Zhavoronkova, T. N. 1969. Certain structural peculiarities of the Carabidae (Coleoptera) in relation to their feeding habits. Ent. Rev. (USSR) 48: 462-71.